texinfo files.
Command-line options are explained in detail in the manual page.
-mmcu=architecture Compile code for architecture. Currently known architectures are
| Architecture | Macros | Description |
| avr1 | __AVR_ARCH__=1 __AVR_ASM_ONLY__ __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | Simple CPU core, only assembler support |
| avr2 | __AVR_ARCH__=2 __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Classic" CPU core, up to 8 KB of ROM |
| avr25 [1] | __AVR_ARCH__=25 __AVR_HAVE_MOVW__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_LPMX__ [1] __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Classic" CPU core with 'MOVW' and 'LPM Rx, Z[+]' instruction, up to 8 KB of ROM |
| avr3 | __AVR_ARCH__=3 __AVR_MEGA__ [5] __AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__ [4] __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Classic" CPU core, 16 KB to 64 KB of ROM |
| avr31 | __AVR_ARCH__=31 __AVR_MEGA__ __AVR_HAVE_RAMPZ__[4] __AVR_HAVE_ELPM__[4] __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Classic" CPU core, 128 KB of ROM |
| avr35 [3] | __AVR_ARCH__=35 __AVR_MEGA__ [5] __AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__ [4] __AVR_HAVE_MOVW__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_LPMX__ [1] __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Classic" CPU core with 'MOVW' and 'LPM Rx, Z[+]' instruction, 16 KB to 64 KB of ROM |
| avr4 | __AVR_ARCH__=4 __AVR_ENHANCED__ [5] __AVR_HAVE_MOVW__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_LPMX__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_MUL__ [1] __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Enhanced" CPU core, up to 8 KB of ROM |
| avr5 | __AVR_ARCH__=5 __AVR_MEGA__ [5] __AVR_ENHANCED__ [5] __AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__ [4] __AVR_HAVE_MOVW__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_LPMX__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_MUL__ [1] __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Enhanced" CPU core, 16 KB to 64 KB of ROM |
| avr51 | __AVR_ARCH__=51 __AVR_MEGA__ __AVR_ENHANCED__ __AVR_HAVE_MOVW__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_LPMX__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_MUL__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_RAMPZ__[4] __AVR_HAVE_ELPM__[4] __AVR_HAVE_ELPMX__[4] __AVR_2_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Enhanced" CPU core, 128 KB of ROM |
| avr6 [2] | __AVR_ARCH__=6 __AVR_MEGA__ [5] __AVR_ENHANCED__ [5] __AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__ [4] __AVR_HAVE_MOVW__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_LPMX__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_MUL__ [1] __AVR_HAVE_RAMPZ__[4] __AVR_HAVE_ELPM__[4] __AVR_HAVE_ELPMX__[4] __AVR_3_BYTE_PC__ [2] | "Enhanced" CPU core, 256 KB of ROM |
[1] New in GCC 4.2
[2] Unofficial patch for GCC 4.1
[3] New in GCC 4.2.3
[4] New in GCC 4.3
[5] Obsolete.
By default, code is generated for the avr2 architecture.
Note that when only using -mmcu=architecture but no -mmcu=MCU type, including the file <avr/io.h> cannot work since it cannot decide which device's definitions to select.
-mmcu=MCU type
The following MCU types are currently understood by avr-gcc. The table matches them against the corresponding avr-gcc architecture name, and shows the preprocessor symbol declared by the -mmcu option.
| Architecture | MCU name | Macro
|
| avr1 | at90s1200 | __AVR_AT90S1200__ |
| avr1 | attiny11 | __AVR_ATtiny11__ |
| avr1 | attiny12 | __AVR_ATtiny12__ |
| avr1 | attiny15 | __AVR_ATtiny15__ |
| avr1 | attiny28 | __AVR_ATtiny28__
|
| avr2 | at90s2313 | __AVR_AT90S2313__ |
| avr2 | at90s2323 | __AVR_AT90S2323__ |
| avr2 | at90s2333 | __AVR_AT90S2333__ |
| avr2 | at90s2343 | __AVR_AT90S2343__ |
| avr2 | attiny22 | __AVR_ATtiny22__ |
| avr2 | attiny26 | __AVR_ATtiny26__ |
| avr2 | at90s4414 | __AVR_AT90S4414__ |
| avr2 | at90s4433 | __AVR_AT90S4433__ |
| avr2 | at90s4434 | __AVR_AT90S4434__ |
| avr2 | at90s8515 | __AVR_AT90S8515__ |
| avr2 | at90c8534 | __AVR_AT90C8534__ |
| avr2 | at90s8535 | __AVR_AT90S8535__
|
| avr2/avr25 [1] | at86rf401 | __AVR_AT86RF401__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | ata6289 | __AVR_ATA6289__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny13 | __AVR_ATtiny13__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny13a | __AVR_ATtiny13A__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny2313 | __AVR_ATtiny2313__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny2313a | __AVR_ATtiny2313A__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny24 | __AVR_ATtiny24__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny24a | __AVR_ATtiny24A__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny25 | __AVR_ATtiny25__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny261 | __AVR_ATtiny261__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny261a | __AVR_ATtiny261A__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny4313 | __AVR_ATtiny4313__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny43u | __AVR_ATtiny43U__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny44 | __AVR_ATtiny44__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny44a | __AVR_ATtiny44A__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny45 | __AVR_ATtiny45__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny461 | __AVR_ATtiny461__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny461a | __AVR_ATtiny461A__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny48 | __AVR_ATtiny48__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny84 | __AVR_ATtiny84__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny85 | __AVR_ATtiny85__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny861 | __AVR_ATtiny861__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny861a | __AVR_ATtiny861A__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny87 | __AVR_ATtiny87__ |
| avr2/avr25 [1] | attiny88 | __AVR_ATtiny88__
|
| avr3 | atmega603 | __AVR_ATmega603__ |
| avr3 | at43usb355 | __AVR_AT43USB355__
|
| avr3/avr31 [3] | atmega103 | __AVR_ATmega103__ |
| avr3/avr31 [3] | at43usb320 | __AVR_AT43USB320__
|
| avr3/avr35 [2] | at90usb82 | __AVR_AT90USB82__ |
| avr3/avr35 [2] | at90usb162 | __AVR_AT90USB162__ |
| avr3/avr35 [2] | atmega8u2 | __AVR_ATmega8U2__ |
| avr3/avr35 [2] | atmega16u2 | __AVR_ATmega16U2__ |
| avr3/avr35 [2] | atmega32u2 | __AVR_ATmega32U2__ |
| avr3/avr35 [2] | attiny167 | __AVR_ATtiny167__
|
| avr3 | at76c711 | __AVR_AT76C711__ |
| avr4 | atmega48 | __AVR_ATmega48__ |
| avr4 | atmega48a | __AVR_ATmega48A__ |
| avr4 | atmega48p | __AVR_ATmega48P__ |
| avr4 | atmega8 | __AVR_ATmega8__ |
| avr4 | atmega8515 | __AVR_ATmega8515__ |
| avr4 | atmega8535 | __AVR_ATmega8535__ |
| avr4 | atmega88 | __AVR_ATmega88__ |
| avr4 | atmega88a | __AVR_ATmega88A__ |
| avr4 | atmega88p | __AVR_ATmega88P__ |
| avr4 | atmega88pa | __AVR_ATmega88PA__ |
| avr4 | atmega8hva | __AVR_ATmega8HVA__ |
| avr4 | at90pwm1 | __AVR_AT90PWM1__ |
| avr4 | at90pwm2 | __AVR_AT90PWM2__ |
| avr4 | at90pwm2b | __AVR_AT90PWM2B__ |
| avr4 | at90pwm3 | __AVR_AT90PWM3__ |
| avr4 | at90pwm3b | __AVR_AT90PWM3B__ |
| avr4 | at90pwm81 | __AVR_AT90PWM81__
|
| avr5 | at90can32 | __AVR_AT90CAN32__ |
| avr5 | at90can64 | __AVR_AT90CAN64__ |
| avr5 | at90pwm216 | __AVR_AT90PWM216__ |
| avr5 | at90pwm316 | __AVR_AT90PWM316__ |
| avr5 | at90scr100 | __AVR_AT90SCR100__ |
| avr5 | at90usb646 | __AVR_AT90USB646__ |
| avr5 | at90usb647 | __AVR_AT90USB647__ |
| avr5 | at94k | __AVR_AT94K__ |
| avr5 | atmega16 | __AVR_ATmega16__ |
| avr5 | atmega161 | __AVR_ATmega161__ |
| avr5 | atmega162 | __AVR_ATmega162__ |
| avr5 | atmega163 | __AVR_ATmega163__ |
| avr5 | atmega164a | __AVR_ATmega164A__ |
| avr5 | atmega164p | __AVR_ATmega164P__ |
| avr5 | atmega165 | __AVR_ATmega165__ |
| avr5 | atmega165a | __AVR_ATmega165A__ |
| avr5 | atmega165p | __AVR_ATmega165P__ |
| avr5 | atmega168 | __AVR_ATmega168__ |
| avr5 | atmega168a | __AVR_ATmega168A__ |
| avr5 | atmega168p | __AVR_ATmega168P__ |
| avr5 | atmega169 | __AVR_ATmega169__ |
| avr5 | atmega169a | __AVR_ATmega169A__ |
| avr5 | atmega169p | __AVR_ATmega169P__ |
| avr5 | atmega169pa | __AVR_ATmega169PA__ |
| avr5 | atmega16a | __AVR_ATmega16A__ |
| avr5 | atmega16hva | __AVR_ATmega16HVA__ |
| avr5 | atmega16hva2 | __AVR_ATmega16HVA2__ |
| avr5 | atmega16hvb | __AVR_ATmega16HVB__ |
| avr5 | atmega16m1 | __AVR_ATmega16M1__ |
| avr5 | atmega16u4 | __AVR_ATmega16U4__ |
| avr5 | atmega32 | __AVR_ATmega32__ |
| avr5 | atmega323 | __AVR_ATmega323__ |
| avr5 | atmega324a | __AVR_ATmega324A__ |
| avr5 | atmega324p | __AVR_ATmega324P__ |
| avr5 | atmega324pa | __AVR_ATmega324PA__ |
| avr5 | atmega325 | __AVR_ATmega325__ |
| avr5 | atmega325p | __AVR_ATmega325P__ |
| avr5 | atmega3250 | __AVR_ATmega3250__ |
| avr5 | atmega3250p | __AVR_ATmega3250P__ |
| avr5 | atmega328 | __AVR_ATmega328__ |
| avr5 | atmega328p | __AVR_ATmega328P__ |
| avr5 | atmega329 | __AVR_ATmega329__ |
| avr5 | atmega329p | __AVR_ATmega329P__ |
| avr5 | atmega329pa | __AVR_ATmega329PA__ |
| avr5 | atmega3290 | __AVR_ATmega3290__ |
| avr5 | atmega3290p | __AVR_ATmega3290P__ |
| avr5 | atmega32c1 | __AVR_ATmega32C1__ |
| avr5 | atmega32hvb | __AVR_ATmega32HVB__ |
| avr5 | atmega32m1 | __AVR_ATmega32M1__ |
| avr5 | atmega32u4 | __AVR_ATmega32U4__ |
| avr5 | atmega32u6 | __AVR_ATmega32U6__ |
| avr5 | atmega406 | __AVR_ATmega406__ |
| avr5 | atmega64 | __AVR_ATmega64__ |
| avr5 | atmega640 | __AVR_ATmega640__ |
| avr5 | atmega644 | __AVR_ATmega644__ |
| avr5 | atmega644a | __AVR_ATmega644A__ |
| avr5 | atmega644p | __AVR_ATmega644P__ |
| avr5 | atmega644pa | __AVR_ATmega644PA__ |
| avr5 | atmega645 | __AVR_ATmega645__ |
| avr5 | atmega645a | __AVR_ATmega645A__ |
| avr5 | atmega645p | __AVR_ATmega645P__ |
| avr5 | atmega6450 | __AVR_ATmega6450__ |
| avr5 | atmega6450a | __AVR_ATmega6450A__ |
| avr5 | atmega6450p | __AVR_ATmega6450P__ |
| avr5 | atmega649 | __AVR_ATmega649__ |
| avr5 | atmega649a | __AVR_ATmega649A__ |
| avr5 | atmega6490 | __AVR_ATmega6490__ |
| avr5 | atmega6490a | __AVR_ATmega6490A__ |
| avr5 | atmega6490p | __AVR_ATmega6490P__ |
| avr5 | atmega649p | __AVR_ATmega649P__ |
| avr5 | atmega64c1 | __AVR_ATmega64C1__ |
| avr5 | atmega64hve | __AVR_ATmega64HVE__ |
| avr5 | atmega64m1 | __AVR_ATmega64M1__
|
| avr5/avr51 [3] | at90can128 | __AVR_AT90CAN128__ |
| avr5/avr51 [3] | at90usb1286 | __AVR_AT90USB1286__ |
| avr5/avr51 [3] | at90usb1287 | __AVR_AT90USB1287__ |
| avr5/avr51 [3] | atmega128 | __AVR_ATmega128__ |
| avr5/avr51 [3] | atmega1280 | __AVR_ATmega1280__ |
| avr5/avr51 [3] | atmega1281 | __AVR_ATmega1281__ |
| avr5/avr51 [3] | atmega1284p | __AVR_ATmega1284P__
|
| avr6 | atmega2560 | __AVR_ATmega2560__ |
| avr6 | atmega2561 | __AVR_ATmega2561__
|
| avrxmega2 | atxmega16a4 | __AVR_ATxmega16A4__ |
| avrxmega2 | atxmega16d4 | __AVR_ATxmega16D4__ |
| avrxmega2 | atxmega32d4 | __AVR_ATxmega32D4__
|
| avrxmega3 | atxmega32a4 | __AVR_ATxmega32A4__
|
| avrxmega4 | atxmega64a3 | __AVR_ATxmega64A3__ |
| avrxmega4 | atxmega64d3 | __AVR_ATxmega64D3__
|
| avrxmega5 | atxmega64a1 | __AVR_ATxmega64A1__
|
| avrxmega6 | atxmega128a3 | __AVR_ATxmega128A3__ |
| avrxmega6 | atxmega128d3 | __AVR_ATxmega128D3__ |
| avrxmega6 | atxmega192a3 | __AVR_ATxmega192A3__ |
| avrxmega6 | atxmega192d3 | __AVR_ATxmega192D3__ |
| avrxmega6 | atxmega256a3 | __AVR_ATxmega256A3__ |
| avrxmega6 | atxmega256a3b | __AVR_ATxmega256A3B__ |
| avrxmega6 | atxmega256d3 | __AVR_ATxmega256D3__
|
| avrxmega7 | atxmega128a1 | __AVR_ATxmega128A1__
|
[1] 'avr25' architecture is new in GCC 4.2
[2] 'avr35' architecture is new in GCC 4.2.3
-morder1 -morder2 Change the order of register assignment. The default is
r24, r25, r18, r19, r20, r21, r22, r23, r30, r31, r26, r27, r28, r29, r17, r16, r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8, r7, r6, r5, r4, r3, r2, r0, r1
Order 1 uses
r18, r19, r20, r21, r22, r23, r24, r25, r30, r31, r26, r27, r28, r29, r17, r16, r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8, r7, r6, r5, r4, r3, r2, r0, r1
Order 2 uses
r25, r24, r23, r22, r21, r20, r19, r18, r30, r31, r26, r27, r28, r29, r17, r16, r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8, r7, r6, r5, r4, r3, r2, r1, r0
-mint8
Assume int to be an 8-bit integer. Note that this is not really supported by avr-libc, so it should normally not be used. The default is to use 16-bit integers.
-mno-interrupts
Generates code that changes the stack pointer without disabling interrupts. Normally, the state of the status register SREG is saved in a temporary register, interrupts are disabled while changing the stack pointer, and SREG is restored.
Specifying this option will define the preprocessor macro __NO_INTERRUPTS__ to the value 1.
-mcall-prologues Use subroutines for function prologue/epilogue. For complex functions that use many registers (that needs to be saved/restored on function entry/exit), this saves some space at the cost of a slightly increased execution time.
-mtiny-stack Change only the low 8 bits of the stack pointer.
-mno-tablejump
Deprecated, use -fno-jump-tables instead.
-mshort-calls
Use rjmp/rcall (limited range) on >8K devices. On avr2 and avr4 architectures (less than 8 KB or flash memory), this is always the case. On avr3 and avr5 architectures, calls and jumps to targets outside the current function will by default use jmp/call instructions that can cover the entire address range, but that require more flash ROM and execution time.
-mrtl Dump the internal compilation result called "RTL" into comments in the generated assembler code. Used for debugging avr-gcc.
-msize Dump the address, size, and relative cost of each statement into comments in the generated assembler code. Used for debugging avr-gcc.
-mdeb
Generate lots of debugging information to stderr.
-On
Optimization level n. Increasing n is meant to optimize more, an optimization level of 0 means no optimization at all, which is the default if no -O option is present. The special option -Os is meant to turn on all -O2 optimizations that are not expected to increase code size.
Note that at -O3, gcc attempts to inline all "simple" functions. For the AVR target, this will normally constitute a large pessimization due to the code increasement. The only other optimization turned on with -O3 is -frename-registers, which could rather be enabled manually instead.
A simple -O option is equivalent to -O1.
Note also that turning off all optimizations will prevent some warnings from being issued since the generation of those warnings depends on code analysis steps that are only performed when optimizing (unreachable code, unused variables).
See also the appropriate FAQ entry for issues regarding debugging optimized code.
-Wa,assembler-options-Wl,linker-options Pass the listed options to the assembler, or linker, respectively.
-g Generate debugging information that can be used by avr-gdb.
-ffreestanding
Assume a "freestanding" environment as per the C standard. This turns off automatic builtin functions (though they can still be reached by prepending __builtin_ to the actual function name). It also makes the compiler not complain when main() is declared with a void return type which makes some sense in a microcontroller environment where the application cannot meaningfully provide a return value to its environment (in most cases, main() won't even return anyway). However, this also turns off all optimizations normally done by the compiler which assume that functions known by a certain name behave as described by the standard. E. g., applying the function strlen() to a literal string will normally cause the compiler to immediately replace that call by the actual length of the string, while with -ffreestanding, it will always call strlen() at run-time.
-funsigned-char
Make any unqualfied char type an unsigned char. Without this option, they default to a signed char.
-funsigned-bitfields Make any unqualified bitfield type unsigned. By default, they are signed.
-fshort-enums
Allocate to an enum type only as many bytes as it needs for the declared range of possible values. Specifically, the enum type will be equivalent to the smallest integer type which has enough room.
-fpack-struct Pack all structure members together without holes.
-fno-jump-tables
Do not generate tablejump instructions. By default, jump tables can be used to optimize switch statements. When turned off, sequences of compare statements are used instead. Jump tables are usually faster to execute on average, but in particular for switch statements, where most of the jumps would go to the default label, they might waste a bit of flash memory.
NOTE: The tablejump instructions use the LPM assembler instruction for access to jump tables. Always use -fno-jump-tables switch, if compiling a bootloader for devices with more than 64 KB of code memory.
-mmcu=architecture-mmcu=MCU name
avr-as understands the same -mmcu= options as avr-gcc. By default, avr2 is assumed, but this can be altered by using the appropriate .arch pseudo-instruction inside the assembler source file.
-mall-opcodes Turns off opcode checking for the actual MCU type, and allows any possible AVR opcode to be assembled.
-mno-skip-bug
Don't emit a warning when trying to skip a 2-word instruction with a CPSE/SBIC/SBIS/SBRC/SBRS instruction. Early AVR devices suffered from a hardware bug where these instructions could not be properly skipped.
-mno-wrap
For RJMP/RCALL instructions, don't allow the target address to wrap around for devices that have more than 8 KB of memory.
--gstabs
Generate .stabs debugging symbols for assembler source lines. This enables avr-gdb to trace through assembler source files. This option must not be used when assembling sources that have been generated by the C compiler; these files already contain the appropriate line number information from the C source files.
-a[cdhlmns=file] Turn on the assembler listing. The sub-options are:
c omit false conditionals
d omit debugging directives
h include high-level source
l include assembly
m include macro expansions
n omit forms processing
s include symbols
=file set the name of the listing file
The various sub-options can be combined into a single -a option list;
=file must be the last one in that case.
-Wa (see above),
so in order to include the C source code into the assembler listing in file foo.lst,
when compiling foo.c, the following compiler command-line can be used:
$ avr-gcc -c -O foo.c -o foo.o -Wa,-ahls=foo.lst
In order to pass an assembler file through the C preprocessor first, and have the assembler generate line number debugging information for it, the following command can be used:
$ avr-gcc -c -x assembler-with-cpp -o foo.o foo.S -Wa,--gstabs
Note that on Unix systems that have case-distinguishing file systems,
specifying a file name with the suffix .S (upper-case letter S)
will make the compiler automatically assume -x assembler-with-cpp,
while using .s would pass the file directly to the assembler (no preprocessing done).
-lname
Locate the archive library named libname.a,
and use it to resolve currently unresolved symbols from it.
The library is searched along a path that consists of builtin pathname entries that
have been specified at compile time (e. g. /usr/local/avr/lib on Unix systems),
possibly extended by pathname entries as specified by -L options
(that must precede the -l options on the command-line).
-Lpath
Additional location to look for archive libraries requested by -l options.
--defsym symbol=expr Define a global symbol symbol using expr as the value.
-M
Print a linker map to stdout.
-Map mapfile Print a linker map to mapfile.
--cref
Output a cross reference table to the map file (in case -Map is also present), or to stdout.
--section-start sectionname=org Start section sectionname at absolute address org.
-Tbss org-Tdata org-Ttext org
Start the bss, data, or text section at org, respectively.
-T scriptfile
Use scriptfile as the linker script, replacing the default linker script.
Default linker scripts are stored in a system-specific location
(e. g. under /usr/local/avr/lib/ldscripts on Unix systems),
and consist of the AVR architecture name (avr2 through avr5) with the suffix .x
appended. They describe how the various memory sections
will be linked together.
.o (object files)
and .a (object libraries) are provided to the linker.
System libraries are usually not passed by their explicit filename but rather using
the -l option which uses an abbreviated form of the archive filename (see above).
avr-libc ships two system libraries, libc.a, and libm.a.
While the standard library libc.a will always be searched for unresolved
references when the linker is started using the C compiler frontend
(i. e., there's always at least one implied -lc option),
the mathematics library libm.a needs to be explicitly requested using -lm.
See also the entry in the FAQ explaining this.
Conventionally, Makefiles use the make macro LDLIBS
to keep track of -l (and possibly -L) options that should
only be appended to the C compiler command-line when linking the final binary.
In contrast, the macro LDFLAGS is used to store other command-line
options to the C compiler that should be passed as options during the linking stage.
The difference is that options are placed early on the command-line,
while libraries are put at the end since they are to be used to resolve global
symbols that are still unresolved at this point.
Specific linker flags can be passed from the C compiler command-line using the
-Wl compiler option, see above.
This option requires that there be no spaces in the appended linker option,
while some of the linker options above (like -Map or --defsym) would require a space.
In these situations, the space can be replaced by an equal sign as well.
For example, the following command-line can be used to compile foo.c
into an executable, and also produce a link map that contains a cross-reference list
in the file foo.map:
$ avr-gcc -O -o foo.out -Wl,-Map=foo.map -Wl,--cref foo.c
Alternatively, a comma as a placeholder will be replaced by a space before passing the option to the linker. So for a device with external SRAM, the following command-line would cause the linker to place the data segment at address 0x2000 in the SRAM:
$ avr-gcc -mmcu=atmega128 -o foo.out -Wl,-Tdata,0x802000
See the explanation of the data section
for why 0x800000 needs to be added to the actual value. Note that the stack will still
remain in internal RAM, through the symbol __stack that is provided by the run-time startup code.
This is probably a good idea anyway (since internal RAM access is faster),
and even required for some early devices that had hardware bugs preventing them from using a stack in external RAM.
Note also that the heap for malloc()
will still be placed after all the variables in the data section, so in this situation,
no stack/heap collision can occur.
In order to relocate the stack from its default location at the top of interns RAM,
the value of the symbol __stack can be changed on the linker command-line.
As the linker is typically called from the compiler frontend, this can be achieved
using a compiler option like
-Wl,--defsym=__stack=0x8003ff
The above will make the code use stack space from RAM address 0x3ff downwards. The amount of stack space available then depends on the bottom address of internal RAM for a particular device. It is the responsibility of the application to ensure the stack does not grow out of bounds, as well as to arrange for the stack to not collide with variable allocations made by the compiler (sections .data and .bss).