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C*-algebras are of interest as purely mathematical structures as well as for applications, e.g. in statistical physics and quantum physics. As G.K. Pedersen writes: "The theory of C*-algebras is the study of operators on Hilbert space with algebraic methods."
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References:
Kadison, Richard V.; Ringrose, John R.:
Fundamentals of the theory of operator algebras. Vol. I. Elementary theory.
Pure and Applied Mathematics, 100. Academic Press, Inc. [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers],
New York, 1983.
Kadison, Richard V.; Ringrose, John R.:
Fundamentals of the theory of operator algebras. Vol. II. Advanced theory.
Pure and Applied Mathematics, 100. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1986.
Pedersen, Gert K.:
C*-algebras and their automorphism groups.
London Mathematical Society Monographs, 14.
Academic Press, Inc. [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers], London-New York, 1979.
S. Haeseler: Skript Hilberträume ps-file
Some old classics:
von Neumann, J.:
Über adjungierte Funktionaloperatoren. (German) Ann. of Math. (2) 33 (1932), no. 2, 294--310.
Murray, F. J.; Von Neumann, J.:
On rings of operators. Ann. of Math. (2) 37 (1936), no. 1, 116--229.
Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, J.:
On rings of operators. II. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1937), no. 2, 208--248.
v. Neumann, J. On rings of operators. III:
Ann. of Math. (2) 41, (1940). 94--161.